{"id":20,"date":"2024-09-29T12:35:11","date_gmt":"2024-09-29T10:35:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/france-kereauzen.fr\/en\/?page_id=20"},"modified":"2026-06-05T17:32:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T15:32:59","slug":"faq","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/france-kereauzen.fr\/en\/faq\/","title":{"rendered":"FAQ"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Project Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Who is the sponsor for the FRANCE KEREAUZEN project?<\/summary>\n

The project is sponsored by ENGIE, a leading French industrial energy group specializing in low-carbon energy and services. It is present in 30 countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With over 90,000 employees worldwide, \u20ac72 billion in revenue and \u20ac12 billion in annual investments, ENGIE is pursuing an ambitious decarbonization strategy, aiming to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, and placing the development of green molecules and associated infrastructure at the core of its growth<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

How much will FRANCE KEREAUZEN cost?<\/summary>\n

Between 1.5 to 1.9Bn\u20ac will be invested for this project alone.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

How innovative will FRANCE KEREAUZEN be?<\/summary>\n

FRANCE KEREAUZEN will be the first large-scale production unit for low-carbon synthetic fuel in France.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The project involves a particularly innovative process for producing sustainable aviation e-fuels. It will integrate a complete value chain of renewable hydrogen production and local CO2 recovery, which will react together to produce e-kerosene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The FRANCE KEREAUZEN project is thought with a circular economy mindset. It will reuse existing infrastructures, including the site where the plant will be set up, pipelines to Paris airports and storage facilities in Le Havre. In addition, it will be one of the first CGU projects to valorize biogenic CO2 (approximately 290,000 tonnes\/year), which will be mainly supplied by pipeline from the Normandy industrial basin..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FRANCE KEREAUZEN has very stringent resource requirements. The water and CO2 loops will be closed as far as possible (approximately 98%), to ensure the efficiency of the project and its industrial processes.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Why choose Le Havre?<\/summary>\n

Le Havre, France’s leading port for energy and chemicals, is a major industrial zone. It offers the infrastructure for FRANCE KEREAUZEN’s development and the export of its production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The region is also a pioneer in decarbonization and energy transition, in which many local companies have already invested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The project will create jobs in the region, with more than 100 permanent direct jobs in the operational phase.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Does the project benefit from public support?<\/summary>\n

In 2022, FRANCE KEREAUZEN was the winner of the call for projects \u201cDevelopment of a French production sector for sustainable aeronautical fuels\u201d. As such, the project benefited from a contribution from France 2030 to finance part of its pre-feasibility and feasibility studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, the France KerEAUzen project is among the winners of the \u2018Carb A\u00e9ro\u2019 call for projects led by ADEME, highlighting the project\u2019s intrinsic strengths and providing access to financial support for the completion of FEED studies.

In September 2024, the Normandy Region validated the granting of funding from the Fonds de Transition Juste (Just Transition Fund) for additional studies from FRANCE KEREAUZEN.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Technical Specifications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
What are Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF)?<\/summary>\n

Sustainable aviation fuels are non-fossil fuels designed to decarbonize air transport. They are divided into two categories: biofuels and e-fuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biofuels are produced from biological sources, such as biomass, while e-fuels are produced from electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ENGIE has made the industrial choice to produce an e-kerosene with FRANCE KEREAUZEN, combining local recycled CO2 and renewable hydrogen: it will have a very low carbon content and its production will not require biological raw materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The e-fuels produced by FRANCE KEREAUZEN will be drop-in fuels, ready for use in today’s aircraft. In addition to the environmental benefits they provide, these domestic e-fuels also have the advantage of replacing imported products.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Who will use these e-fuels?<\/summary>\n

The e-fuels produced will be used by airlines. They will be able to fuel existing aircraft without any modification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Air France is a partner in the project, and FRANCE KEREAUZEN will supply the Roissy Charles de Gaulle and Orly airports via pipelines.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Why should we produce e-fuels?<\/summary>\n

E-fuels are one of the main levers for decarbonizing air transport. The carbon footprint of the e-fuel produced by FRANCE KEREAUZEN will be 4 times smaller than that of fossil kerosene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aviation sector needs to decarbonize. Various regulations are forcing it to do so. ENGIE is offering a compliant solution with FRANCE KEREAUZEN, which anticipates two European regulations applicable from 2030:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • The RED III directive (2023), which calls for 42.5% renewable energies in general consumption by 2030, including 14.5% in transport and 5.5% in sustainable aviation fuels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • The ReFuelEU Aviation regulation (2023), which calls for a minimum level of sustainable aviation fuels from 2025 (2%) and sustainable aviation e-fuels from 2030 (1.2%). By 2050, these rates will rise to 70% and 35% respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n
      How will the e-fuel produced by FRANCE KEREAUZEN be delivered to Roissy Charles-de-Gaulle and Orly airports?<\/summary>\n

      The e-fuel produced by FRANCE KEREAUZEN will be transported to Roissy Charles de Gaulle and Orly via existing Trapil pipelines.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      Which technology will be used to produce this e-fuel?<\/summary>\n

      Converting CO\u2082 into synthetic kerosene requires mastering the integration of complex processes, from CO\u2082 conversion through to the final fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      To maximize its chances of success, A partnership has been established with Shell Catalysts & Technologies, a robust and experienced provider of these technologies. This partnership will enable the project to rely on proven industrial expertise in gas\u2011to\u2011liquids processes with essential operational track record, in order to ensure successful deployment at such industrial level and to enhance the plant\u2019s performance reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      This license will cover all processes enabling the conversion of CO\u2082 into e-kerosene, including in particular:
      \u2013 The rWGS (reverse water gas shift) reaction
      \u2013 Fischer\u2013Tropsch synthesis
      \u2013 Refining and hydrocracking steps The selection of Shell\u2019s technology will ensure both energy efficiency and technological maturity, while leveraging Shell\u2019s decades of experience in the development, design, construction, and operation of Gas-to-Liquids facilities, including Pearl GTL, the world\u2019s largest integrated GTL plant. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n
      How does the project relate to the circular economy?<\/summary>\n

      First, the FRANCE KEREAUZEN project reuses existing infrastructure, including the site where the plant will be located, pipelines to Paris airports and storage facilities in Le Havre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      FRANCE KEREAUZEN is also recycling its own CO2: around 290,000 tonnes\/year, which will come from the Normandy industrial basin, thanks to the involvement of the local industries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The water and CO2 loops will be as closed as possible, to ensure the efficiency of the project and its industrial processes.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      What are the benefits of producing aviation fuels in Le Havre <\/strong> ??<\/summary>\n

      The demand, in France alone, for a SAF such as that produced by FRANCE KEREAUZEN, is estimated at more than 400,000 tonnes as early as 2035 and will continue to grow strongly in the following years, as it is essential to achieving carbon neutrality in the aviation sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Meeting this demand therefore represents a major challenge for decarbonizing aviation and for the local and national development of a forward-looking industrial sector. In addition, domestic production of aviation fuels replaces current supply based on imports of oil and petroleum products from outside Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Fully aligned with the Sustainable Aviation Fuels pillar of the recently adopted national \u201cNouveaux Syst\u00e8mes \u00c9nerg\u00e9tiques\u201d strategy, FRANCE KEREAUZEN is a structuring project to address these challenges, to create a positive impact through the valorization of local CO\u2082 emissions, and to contribute in the long term to the socio-economic dynamism of the Le Havre industrial-port area<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      Impacts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      How long will construction take?<\/summary>\n

      Construction of the plant is expected to take approximately 3 years.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      Will there be any nuisance caused by the operation of the site?<\/summary>\n

      During the operating phase, FRANCE KEREAUZEN will not cause any nuisance, as the plant is located in the industrial port zone of Le Havre, at a distance from residential areas. Moreover, during operation, commodities will be transported by river, rail or pipeline. Where road transport is involved, it will be directed onto routes already used by Le Havre’s manufacturers. There will be no impact on traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      At the same time, ENGIE is discussing with local elected representatives and associations to keep the nuisance caused by the construction of the FRANCE KEREAUZEN plant to a minimum.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      Will the construction of the FRANCE KEREAUZEN plant have an impact on land-use or soil artificialization?<\/summary>\n

      The plant will be built on a site previously occupied by a cement plant, in the industrial port zone of Le Havre. The FRANCE KEREAUZEN’s construction will therefore have no impact on land use, and there will be no additional soil artificialization.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      What resources are used in the FRANCE KEREAUZEN production process?<\/summary>\n

      FRANCE KEREAUZEN will sign long-term supply contracts with other companies, such as RTE for electricity and industrial companies in Le Havre for CO2 recycling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      It’s also worth noting that, while the FRANCE KEREAUZEN project will generate energy, it will also produce low-carbon energies: e-kerosene, e-naphtha, as well as zero-emission heat, which will benefit industries in Le Havre.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      Socio-economic Benefits<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      What jobs will FRANCE KEREAUZEN create?<\/summary>\n

      The FRANCE KEREAUZEN project should create more than 100 direct and indirect jobs in the region, both during construction and operating phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Studies related to the type and number of jobs involved are currently underway.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

      Dialogue and Consultation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Is FRANCE KEREAUZEN planning a consultation with citizens?<\/summary>\n

      As provided by the French Environment Code, FRANCE KEREAUZEN will refer the matter to the Commission nationale du d\u00e9bat public (CNDP) with a view to organizing a consultation with the general public. The CNDP will define the terms and conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ENGIE is planning two years of consultation, from the preliminary consultation to the public inquiry.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Project Overview Technical Specifications Impacts Socio-economic Benefits Dialogue and Consultation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nFAQ - FRANCE KEREAUZEN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/france-kereauzen.fr\/en\/faq\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FAQ - FRANCE KEREAUZEN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Project Overview Technical Specifications Impacts Socio-economic Benefits Dialogue and Consultation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/france-kereauzen.fr\/en\/faq\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"FRANCE KEREAUZEN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-05T15:32:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/france-kereauzen.fr\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/innovation-technologique-ang-copie.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"756\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/france-kereauzen.fr\\\/en\\\/faq\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/france-kereauzen.fr\\\/en\\\/faq\\\/\",\"name\":\"FAQ - 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